A new concept for unbonded post-tensioned shear walls was investigated with the objective of obtaining a system that performs damage-free and is self-centering under lateral loads from extreme events. The concept uses the complementary features of two systems: (1) a wall geometry with a circular profile at the footing interface, and (2) energy dissipation devices based elastic instabilities for use in coupled walls. This system is designated as a pendulum unbonded post-tensioned shear wall (UPSW) since the wall element rotates about a fixed point as it glides along the circular wall-base interface. The pendulum motion ensures that full contact is maintained between the wall and its base, resulting in negligible stress concentrations and energy dissipation through friction at the interface. For coupled pendulum UPSWs, supplemental energy dissipation and self-centering capabilities is provided by novel connectors that behave elastically yet provide hysteretic energy dissipation. Pendulum UPSWs address the limitations of traditional UPSWs with a flat interface, namely: concrete crushing at the wall toes, yielding of tendons, wall walking, and the need for supplemental energy dissipation.
Elastic energy dissipation is possible by controlling the sequential snap-through elastic instabilities of periodically arranged slender elastic elements (units). The individual units exhibit a tailorable elastic limit-point response (snap-through instability) with a negative stiffness region. Their strategic arrangement and connection allows the generation of consecutive elastic snap-through buckling events that results in a hysteretic response with self-centering capability. Two novel elastic energy dissipating systems were developed through analytical, numerical and experimental studies. First, an energy-dissipative material that uses inclined beams in the microstructure of the material architecture, was shown to manage the strain energy generated due to cyclic shear deformations and dissipate it through sequential snap-through instabilities. The second system consists of an arrangement in series of shallow cosine-curved domes, or multiple-cosine-curved-domes (MCCD) that results in an elastic flag-type hysteretic response with self-centering capabilities. The devices’ stiffness, strength, deformation capacity and energy absorption can be optimized through the design of the individual units and their geometrical arrangement. Both systems display repeatable response without damage and are insensitive to loading rate.
Experiment | Elastic Energy Dissipators via Multiple Elastic Instabilities
Cite This Data:
Burgueno, R (2025). "Elastic Energy Dissipators via Multiple Elastic Instabilities", in Collaborative Research: Self-Centering Pendulum Shear Walls in Buildings via Nonlinear Elastic Kinematics. DesignSafe-CI. https://doi.org/10.17603/ds2-shz7-gf65
Hide Data
Author(s)
Facility
Michigan State University
Experiment Type
Force-Deformation Characterization
Equipment Type
Universal Testing Machine
Date of Experiment
2018-06-01 ― 2019-12-31
Date Published
2025-02-03
DOI
10.17603/ds2-shz7-gf65
License
Open Data Commons Attribution
Description:
Elastic energy dissipation is possible by controlling the sequential snap-through elastic instabilities of periodically arranged slender elastic elements (units). The individual units exhibit a tailorable elastic limit-point response (snap-through instability) with a negative stiffness region. Their strategic arrangement and connection allows the generation of consecutive elastic snap-through buckling events that results in a hysteretic response with self-centering capability. Two novel elastic energy dissipating systems were studied. First, an energy-dissipative material that uses inclined beams in the material architecture was shown to manage the strain energy generated due to cyclic shear deformations and dissipate it through sequential snap-through instabilities. The second system consists of an arrangement in series of shallow cosine-curved domes, or multiple-cosine-curved-domes (MCCD) that results in an elastic flag-type hysteretic response with self-centering capabilities. The devices’ stiffness, strength, deformation capacity and energy absorption can be optimized through the design of the individual units and their geometrical arrangement. Both systems display repeatable response without damage and are insensitive to loading rate.
Model Configuration | Shear Energy Dissipators
Description:
An energy dissipation material and/or system that uses inclined beams in the micro- or macro-structure of the material/device architecture, was developed and shown to manage the strain energy generated due to cyclic shear deformations and dissipate it through sequential snap-through instabilities.
The test units consisted of elastic beam unit segments and rigid (much higher material stiffness) end-constraining segments. The rigid end-constraining segments feature a linear sliding mechanism at their ends (top and bottom) to allow relative vertical movement between adjacent columns but prevent lateral motion of the beam elements within a column. Test units were fabricated using a 3D polymer printer (Objet350 Connex3, Stratasys Ltd., Eden Prairie, MN) that allows monolithic multi-material printing by jetting microscopic layers of liquid photo-polymer and instantly curing them with UV light. A soft rubber-like polymer (Tango Black Plus) was used for the elastic beam segment and a stiff polymer (Vero White) was used for the rigid end constraining
segments.
The two dominant parameters controlling the mechanical response of single inclined beams are initial angle θ and slenderness t/L. Based on numerical studies two beam geometries (θ = 25◦, t/L = 0.17 and θ = 40◦, t/L = 0.18) were used as the unit elements for all the prototypes. All beam elements had constant 20 mm depth (d) and 7 mm length (L). All beams in the array had the same geometry and each column of beam elements deforms in a predefined direction. Two multiple-unit design layouts, differing in the arrangement of the columns’ beam orientation, were designed to operate under half-cycle (i.e., only positive loading–unloading) and full-cycle (i.e., positive and negative loading–unloading) cyclic in-plane shear demands
File Name
Image
Image
Sensor Information | Half-cycle shear loading conditon
Description:
The tested structure was initially placed in its undeformed state, and the in-plane shear deformation was applied as a relative vertical displacement along one edge of the test sample with respect to the other fixed edge. The applied force and relative deformation were recorded using the internal devices of a universal testing machine.
File Name
Image
Event | Half-cycle Theta 25
Description:
Shear force-deformation response with tilted beam angle of 25 degrees.
File Name
Raw Data
Event | Half-cycle Theta 40
Description:
Shear force-deformation response with tilted beam angle of 40 degrees.
File Name
Raw Data
Sensor Information | Full-cycle shear loading condition
Description:
The tested structure was initially placed in its undeformed states, and the in-plane shear deformation was applied as a relative vertical displacement along one edge of the test sample with respect to the other fixed edge. The applied force and relative deformation were recorded using the internal devices of a universal testing machine.
File Name
Image
Event | Full-cycle Theta 40
Description:
Shear force-deformation response with tilted beam angle of 40 degrees.
File Name
Raw Data
Model Configuration | Multistable Shallow Domes
Description:
Multistable elastic behavior was studied for shallow domes with a cosine-curved profile, termed cosine-curved domes (CCDs). The domes exhibits snap-through instability and can be used as the unit cell for energy dissipation mechanisms in structures subjected to cyclic loading.
Experimental tests were conducted on 3D printed CCDs to examine their stability states. The CCDs were fabricated using a 3D polymer-based printer (MakerBot Replicator 2) with polylactic acid (PLA) filament. Due to imperfections from the manufacturing process the “as printed” dimensions varied slightly (about 10%) from the nominal design values. The PLA material has a reported Poisson’s ratio, ν, of 0.33 and an average modulus of elasticity, E, of 1,582 MPa.
File Name
Image
Test Matrix
Sensor Information | CCD Response Characterization
Description:
Tests were performed using a universal testing machine with custom fixtures (indenter) to apply a concentrated vertical load at the CCD apex. Loading was done under displacement control, applying an incremental displacement at a constant rate of 0.1 mm/s. For CCD specimens with bistable response, the loading indenter was mechanically attached to the apex of the CCD and the specimen was also clamped to the platen.
File Name
Image
Event | CCD 1M
Description:
Test on CCD Specimen 1M. Monostable Response. "As printed" dimensions: t = 1.82 mm, h = 4.58 mm, l = 119.3 mm.
File Name
Raw Data
Event | CCD 2M
Description:
Test on CCD Specimen 2M. Monostable Response. "As printed" dimensions: t = 1.74 mm, h = 4.46 mm, l = 119.2 mm.
File Name
Raw Data
Event | CCD 5M
Description:
Test on CCD Specimen 5M. Monostable Response. "As printed" dimensions: t = 1.13 mm, h = 2.78 mm, l = 100.4 mm.
File Name
Raw Data
Event | CCD 6M
Description:
Test on CCD Specimen 6M. Monostable Response. "As printed" dimensions: t = 1.18 mm, h = 2.91 mm, l = 101.7 mm.
File Name
Raw Data
Event | CCD 9P
Description:
Test on CCD Specimen 9P. Pseudo-bistable Response. "As printed" dimensions: t = 1.45 mm, h = 4.29 mm, l = 126.9 mm.
File Name
Raw Data
Event | CCD 11P
Description:
Test on CCD Specimen 11P. Pseudo-bistable Response. "As printed" dimensions: t = 0.72 mm, h = 1.97 mm, l = 49.9 mm.
File Name
Raw Data
Event | CCD 12B
Description:
Test on CCD Specimen 8P. Bistable Response. "As printed" dimensions: t = 0.74 mm, h = 2.62 mm, l = 59.9 mm.
File Name
Raw Data
Model Configuration | Multistable Cosine-Curved Dome System
Description:
An energy dissipation system composed of multistable cosine-curved domes (CCD) connected in series was studied. The system exhibits multiple consecutive snap-through and snap-back buckling events leading to a hysteretic response. The response is within the material's elastic regime and thus the system's original configuration is fully recoverable.
File Name
Image
Sensor Information | MCCD Response Characterization
Description:
The MCCD specimen was fabricated using a 3D polymer-based printer (Stratasys Fortus 250 mc) with acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) filament. The ABS material had a Poisson’s ratio of 0.35; and a compressive modulus of elasticity, determined according to ASTM D695, had an average value of 853 MPa.
The MCCD system consisted of 10 CCDs with average ‘as-printed’ dimensions of t = 0.75 ± 0.03 mm, h = 1.76 ± 0.03 mm, l = 50 ± 1 mm, and d = 4.5 mm. The specimens were 3D printed monolithically with oversized confining rings.
To stabilize the MCCD system against side sway, the CCD units were designed with two collars on each side that allowed the placement of guiding rods. The two rods were fixed to a loading base. During testing the guiding rods were coated with a lubricant to minimize friction between them and the collars in the CCD units.
Testing was performed using a universal testing machine with a custom fixture (indenter) to apply a vertical load on the rigid ring of the top CCD. Testing was conducted under displacement control, applying an incremental displacement at varying rates (0.1, 1, 3, 9 and 15 mm/s).
File Name
Image
Event | MC15-MCCD-10 LR=0.1
Description:
Force-deformation curve for an MCCD system with 10 CCDs at a loading rate of 0.1 mm/s.
File Name
Raw Data
Event | MC15-MCCD-10 LR=1
Description:
Force-deformation curve for an MCCD system with 10 CCDs at a loading rate of 1 mm/s.
File Name
Raw Data
Event | MC15-MCCD-10 LR=3
Description:
Force-deformation curve for an MCCD system with 10 CCDs at a loading rate of 3 mm/s.
File Name
Raw Data
Event | MC15-MCCD-10 LR=9
Description:
Force-deformation curve for an MCCD system with 10 CCDs at a loading rate of 9 mm/s.
File Name
Raw Data
Event | MC15-MCCD-10 LR=15
Description:
Force-deformation curve for an MCCD system with 10 CCDs at a loading rate of 15 mm/s.
Stress-strain response of half-cycle test unit (θ = 25◦, t/L = 0.17, m, n = 12, 8). The normalized force (stress) F equals to FL^3/mIh, and the normalized displacement (strain) is defined as Σδ/Δmax.
File Name
Graph
Analysis | Shear Force-Deformation Response of Half-Cycle Theta 40
Description:
Stress-strain response of half-cycle test unit (θ = 40◦, t/L = 0.17, m, n = 12, 8). The normalized force (stress) F equals to FL^3/mIh, and the normalized displacement (strain) is defined as Σδ/Δmax.
Stress-strain response of full-cycle test unit (θ = 40◦, t/L = 0.18, m, n = 10, 5 x 2). The normalized force (stress) F equals to FL^3/mIh, and the normalized displacement (strain) is defined as Σδ/Δmax.
File Name
Graph
Analysis | CCD Force Deformation Response Types
Description:
Force deformation response types of CCD units 11P (pseudo-bistable), 12B (bistable) and 6M (monostable)
File Name
Graph
Analysis | MCCD Force-Deformation Response
Description:
Experimental force-deformation curves for an MCCD system with 10 CCDs at varying loading rates: 1, 3, 9 and 15 mm/s.
File Name
Graph
Report | Journal Paper: Architected materials for tailorable shear behavior with energy dissipation
Description:
Journal paper on shear energy dissipation system experiment.
Liu, S., Azad, A.I., and Burgueño, R. (2018). “Energy Harvesting from Quasi-Static Deformations via Bilaterally Constrained Strips,” Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, Vol. 29, No. 18, pp. 3572-3581, DOI: 10.1177/1045389X18786456.
File Name
Journal Paper
Report | Journal Paper: Response Characterization of Multistable Shallow Domes with Cosine-Curved Profile
Description:
Journal paper on characterization of shallow domes with cosine-curved profile.
Alturki, M., and Burgueño, R. (2019). “Response Characterization of Multistable Shallow Domes with Cosine-Curved Profile,” submitted to Thin-Walled Structures, Vol. 140, pp. 74-84, DOI: 10.1016/j.tws.2019.03.035.
File Name
Journal Paper
Report | Journal Paper: Multistable Cosine-Curved Dome System for Elastic Energy Dissipation
Description:
Journal paper on characterization of multistable cosine-curved dome system for energy dissipation.
Alturki, M., and Burgueño, R. (2019). “Multistable Cosine-Curved Dome System for Elastic Energy Dissipation,” Journal of Applied Mechanics, Vol. 86, No. 9, pp. 091002, DOI: 10.1115/1.4043792.
