This project provides a curated dataset of 259 cone penetration test (CPT) profiles, including both measured and “true” CPT data in layered and homogeneous soils. The data is compiled from 179 virtual calibration chamber (VCC) simulations by Rateria and Maurer (2025) and 80 experiments from prior literature (41 physical and 39 virtual). These profiles support a deeper understanding of layered soil-system characterization and enable the development and enhancement of CPT inversion methods. The VCC experiments were conducted using Discrete Element Method (DEM) simulations in a 1-meter cylindrical chamber with ~1.5 million particles. Each dataset includes cone-tip resistance and, when available, sleeve friction profiles. Reusability: This dataset can be reused to train CPT inversion models, conduct parametric studies, and support geotechnical education. Uniqueness: It is the largest known open-access collection of paired measured and true CPT profiles, combining physical and virtual experiments, providing a valuable resource for CPT inversion research. Audience: Geotechnical engineers, researchers, educators, and data scientists working on soil characterization, modeling, or CPT interpretation.